Difference between revisions of "Running"

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'''Running''' is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot. Running is a type of gait characterized by an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground (though there are exceptions).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase|date=22 May 2004|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|volume=271|issue=1543|pages=1091–1099|doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2702|pmid=15293864|pmc=1691699|last1=Rubenson|first1=Jonas|last2=Heliams|first2=Denham B.|last3=Lloyd|first3=David G.|last4=Fournier|first4=Paul A.}}</ref> This is in contrast to [[walking]], where one foot is always in contact with the ground, the legs are kept mostly straight and the [[center of gravity]] vaults over the stance leg or legs in an [[inverted pendulum]] fashion.<ref name="Bie">Biewener, A. A. 2003. Animal Locomotion. Oxford University Press, US. {{ISBN|978-0-19-850022-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yMaN9pk8QJAC&dq=biomechanics+biewener&source=gbs_navlinks_s books.google.com]</ref> A feature of a running body from the viewpoint of spring-mass mechanics is that changes in kinetic and potential energy within a stride occur simultaneously, with energy storage accomplished by springy tendons and passive muscle elasticity.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cavagna | first1 = G. A. | last2 = Saibene | first2 = F. P. | last3 = Margaria | first3 = R. | title = Mechanical Work in Running | journal = Journal of Applied Physiology | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 249–256 | year = 1964 | pmid = 14155290| doi=10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.249}}</ref> The term running can refer to any of a variety of speeds ranging from [[jogging]] to [[Sprint (running)|sprinting]].
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'''Running''' is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot. Running is a type of gait characterized by an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground (though there are exceptions).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase|date=22 May 2004|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|volume=271|issue=1543|pages=1091–1099|doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2702|pmid=15293864|pmc=1691699|last1=Rubenson|first1=Jonas|last2=Heliams|first2=Denham B.|last3=Lloyd|first3=David G.|last4=Fournier|first4=Paul A.}}</ref> This is in contrast to [[walking]], where one foot is always in contact with the ground, the legs are kept mostly straight and the center of gravity vaults over the stance leg or legs in an inverted pendulum fashion.<ref name="Bie">Biewener, A. A. 2003. Animal Locomotion. Oxford University Press, US. {{ISBN|978-0-19-850022-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yMaN9pk8QJAC&dq=biomechanics+biewener&source=gbs_navlinks_s books.google.com]</ref> A feature of a running body from the viewpoint of spring-mass mechanics is that changes in kinetic and potential energy within a stride occur simultaneously, with energy storage accomplished by springy tendons and passive muscle elasticity.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cavagna | first1 = G. A. | last2 = Saibene | first2 = F. P. | last3 = Margaria | first3 = R. | title = Mechanical Work in Running | journal = Journal of Applied Physiology | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 249–256 | year = 1964 | pmid = 14155290| doi=10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.249}}</ref> The term running can refer to any of a variety of speeds ranging from [[Jogging|jogging]] to [[Sprinting|sprinting]].
  
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==Competitive running==
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Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas. Records of competitive racing date back to the Tailteann Games in Ireland between 632 BCE and 1171 BCE,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://proxy-iup.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/running/0?institutionId=693 | title=KLN PASS User Login}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=What Is Sport: A Controversial Essay About Why Humans Play Sports|last=Alpha|first=Rob|publisher=BookBaby|year=2015|isbn=9781483555232|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://healthandfitnesshistory.com/explore-history/history-of-running/|title=History of Running|last=|first=|date=2018-11-23|website=Health and Fitness History|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> while the first recorded Olympic Games took place in 776 BCE. Running has been described as the world's most accessible sport.<ref>Soviet Sport: The Success Story. p. 49, V. Gerlitsyn, 1987</ref>
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=== Health and Cardiovascular benefits ===
 
Running in humans is associated with improved health and life expectancy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pedisic |first1=Zeljko |last2=Shrestha |first2=Nipun |last3=Kovalchik |first3=Stephanie |last4=Stamatakis |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Liangruenrom |first5=Nucharapon |last6=Grgic |first6=Jozo |last7=Titze |first7=Sylvia |last8=Biddle |first8=Stuart JH |last9=Bauman |first9=Adrian E |last10=Oja |first10=Pekka |title=Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |date=4 November 2019 |pages=bjsports–2018–100493 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2018-100493|pmid=31685526 }}</ref>
 
Running in humans is associated with improved health and life expectancy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pedisic |first1=Zeljko |last2=Shrestha |first2=Nipun |last3=Kovalchik |first3=Stephanie |last4=Stamatakis |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Liangruenrom |first5=Nucharapon |last6=Grgic |first6=Jozo |last7=Titze |first7=Sylvia |last8=Biddle |first8=Stuart JH |last9=Bauman |first9=Adrian E |last10=Oja |first10=Pekka |title=Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |date=4 November 2019 |pages=bjsports–2018–100493 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2018-100493|pmid=31685526 }}</ref>
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While there exists the potential for injury while running (just as there is in any sport), there are many benefits. Some of these benefits include potential weight loss, improved cardiovascular and respiratory health (reducing the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases), improved cardiovascular fitness, reduced total blood cholesterol, strengthening of bones (and potentially increased bone density), possible strengthening of the immune system and an improved self-esteem and emotional state.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/phys-ed-why-doesnt-exercise-lead-to-weight-loss/ | title = Phys Ed: Why Doesn't Exercise Lead to Weight Loss? | date = 4 November 2009 | author = Gretchen Reynolds | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> Running, like all forms of regular exercise, can effectively slow<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/28/AR2008012801873.html | title = Exercise Could Slow Aging Of Body, Study Suggests | author = Rob Stein | work = [[The Washington Post]] | date = 29 January 2008 }}</ref> or reverse<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/270266.stm|title=BBC News - Health - Exercise 'can reverse ageing'|work=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> the effects of aging. Even people who have already experienced a heart attack are 20% less likely to develop serious heart problems if more engaged in running or any type of aerobic activity.<ref>The science of exercise shows benefits beyond weight loss. (2019). In Harvard Health Publications (Ed.), Harvard Medical School commentaries on health. Boston, MA: Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from http://proxy-iup.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/hhphoh/the_science_of_exercise_shows_benefits_beyond_weight_loss/0?institutionId=693</ref>
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Although an optimal amount of vigorous aerobic exercise such as running might bring benefits related to lower cardiovascular disease and life extension, though perhaps for some people an excessive dose (e.g., [[marathon]]s) might have an opposite effect associated with cardiotoxicity.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.001|pmid=26362561|title=Effects of Running on Chronic Diseases and Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=90|issue=11|pages=1541–1552|year=2015|last1=Lavie|first1=Carl J.|last2=Lee|first2=Duck-Chul|last3=Sui|first3=Xuemei|last4=Arena|first4=Ross|last5=O'Keefe|first5=James H.|last6=Church|first6=Timothy S.|last7=Milani|first7=Richard V.|last8=Blair|first8=Steven N.|doi-access=free}}</ref>
  
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==Competitive running==
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=== Mental health ===
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Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas. Records of competitive [[racing]] date back to the Tailteann Games in Ireland between 632 BCE and 1171 BCE,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://proxy-iup.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/running/0?institutionId=693 | title=KLN PASS User Login}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=What Is Sport: A Controversial Essay About Why Humans Play Sports|last=Alpha|first=Rob|publisher=BookBaby|year=2015|isbn=9781483555232|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://healthandfitnesshistory.com/explore-history/history-of-running/|title=History of Running|last=|first=|date=2018-11-23|website=Health and Fitness History|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> while the first recorded Olympic Games took place in 776 BCE. Running has been described as the world's most accessible sport.<ref>Soviet Sport: The Success Story. p. 49, V. Gerlitsyn, 1987</ref>
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Running can also have psychological benefits, as many participants in the sport report feeling an elated, euphoric state, often referred to as a "[[runner's high]]". Running is frequently recommended as therapy for people with clinical depression and people coping with addiction.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.freediets.com/endurance-training/the-benefits-of-running |title = Health benefits of running | publisher=Free Diets }}</ref> A possible benefit may be the enjoyment of nature and scenery, which also improves psychological well-being.
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In animal models, running has been shown to increase the number of newly created neurons within the brain.<ref name="pmid10195220">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH |title=Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus |journal=Nat. Neurosci. |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=266–270 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10195220 |doi=10.1038/6368 |url=}}</ref> This finding could have significant implications in aging as well as learning and memory. A recent study published in ''Cell Metabolism'' has also linked running with improved memory and learning skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311152.php|title=Memory improved by protein released in response to running|author=|date=|website=medicalnewstoday.com}}</ref>
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Running is an effective way to reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and tension. It helps people who struggle with seasonal affective disorder by running outside when it's sunny and warm. Running can improve mental alertness and also improves sleep, which is needed for good mental health. Both research and clinical experience have shown that exercise can be a treatment for serious depression and anxiety even some physicians prescribe exercise to most of their patients. Running can have a longer lasting effect than anti-depressants.<ref>Alic, M. (2012). Mental health and exercise. In J. L. Longe, The Gale encyclopedia of fitness. Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://proxy-iup.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/mental_health_and_exercise/0?institutionId=693</ref>
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==Source==
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*Excerpted from Wikipedia [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running Running] page.
  
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==See also==
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[[Trail Running]]
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[[Ultrarunning]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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[[Category:Walking]]
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[[Category:Running]]
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[[Category:Race Walking]]
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[[Category:Trail Running]]
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[[Category:Ultrarunning]]

Latest revision as of 21:36, 4 January 2020

Running is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot. Running is a type of gait characterized by an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground (though there are exceptions).[1] This is in contrast to walking, where one foot is always in contact with the ground, the legs are kept mostly straight and the center of gravity vaults over the stance leg or legs in an inverted pendulum fashion.[2] A feature of a running body from the viewpoint of spring-mass mechanics is that changes in kinetic and potential energy within a stride occur simultaneously, with energy storage accomplished by springy tendons and passive muscle elasticity.[3] The term running can refer to any of a variety of speeds ranging from jogging to sprinting.

Competitive running

Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas. Records of competitive racing date back to the Tailteann Games in Ireland between 632 BCE and 1171 BCE,[4][5][6] while the first recorded Olympic Games took place in 776 BCE. Running has been described as the world's most accessible sport.[7]

Health and Cardiovascular benefits

Running in humans is associated with improved health and life expectancy.[8] While there exists the potential for injury while running (just as there is in any sport), there are many benefits. Some of these benefits include potential weight loss, improved cardiovascular and respiratory health (reducing the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases), improved cardiovascular fitness, reduced total blood cholesterol, strengthening of bones (and potentially increased bone density), possible strengthening of the immune system and an improved self-esteem and emotional state.[9] Running, like all forms of regular exercise, can effectively slow[10] or reverse[11] the effects of aging. Even people who have already experienced a heart attack are 20% less likely to develop serious heart problems if more engaged in running or any type of aerobic activity.[12]

Although an optimal amount of vigorous aerobic exercise such as running might bring benefits related to lower cardiovascular disease and life extension, though perhaps for some people an excessive dose (e.g., marathons) might have an opposite effect associated with cardiotoxicity.[13]

Mental health

Running can also have psychological benefits, as many participants in the sport report feeling an elated, euphoric state, often referred to as a "runner's high". Running is frequently recommended as therapy for people with clinical depression and people coping with addiction.[14] A possible benefit may be the enjoyment of nature and scenery, which also improves psychological well-being.

In animal models, running has been shown to increase the number of newly created neurons within the brain.[15] This finding could have significant implications in aging as well as learning and memory. A recent study published in Cell Metabolism has also linked running with improved memory and learning skills.[16]

Running is an effective way to reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and tension. It helps people who struggle with seasonal affective disorder by running outside when it's sunny and warm. Running can improve mental alertness and also improves sleep, which is needed for good mental health. Both research and clinical experience have shown that exercise can be a treatment for serious depression and anxiety even some physicians prescribe exercise to most of their patients. Running can have a longer lasting effect than anti-depressants.[17]

Source

  • Excerpted from Wikipedia Running page.

See also

Trail Running Ultrarunning

References

  1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Biewener, A. A. 2003. Animal Locomotion. Oxford University Press, US. Template:ISBN, books.google.com
  3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Template:Cite web
  5. ↑ Template:Cite book
  6. ↑ Template:Cite web
  7. ↑ Soviet Sport: The Success Story. p. 49, V. Gerlitsyn, 1987
  8. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Template:Cite news
  10. ↑ Template:Cite news
  11. ↑ Template:Cite web
  12. ↑ The science of exercise shows benefits beyond weight loss. (2019). In Harvard Health Publications (Ed.), Harvard Medical School commentaries on health. Boston, MA: Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from http://proxy-iup.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/hhphoh/the_science_of_exercise_shows_benefits_beyond_weight_loss/0?institutionId=693
  13. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  14. ↑ Template:Cite web
  15. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Template:Cite web
  17. ↑ Alic, M. (2012). Mental health and exercise. In J. L. Longe, The Gale encyclopedia of fitness. Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://proxy-iup.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/mental_health_and_exercise/0?institutionId=693
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